Type-writing machine.



J`w. o

7L/o l] BMJ I Patented Jan. 30, 1917.

v. KADRY.

TYPE WRITING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED IAN. I5, 1914.

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Z5 L \I L )MI l VU\ J6 59 VASSAF KAIDRY, OF CONSTANIINOPLE, TURKEY,ASSIGNOR TO UNDERWOOD TYPE- VRl'JPER COMPANY, 0F NEW YORK, N. Y., ACORPORATION OF DEEAWARE.

TYPE-WntITING MACHINE.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed January l5, 1914:. Serial 1\T o. 812,244.

To all whom t may concern:

Be it known that l, VAssAr KADRY, a subject of the Sultan of Turkey,residing in the city of Constantinople, in the Empire of Turkey, haveinvented certain new and useful Improvements in Type-Writing Machines,of which the following is a specification.

My invention relates to typewritingmachines, and more particularly tothe kind of machine which is adapted to write languages of the Arabicgroup, wherein the letters are extremely complicated, and whereincertain letters occur in several forms, dependent upon whether or notthey are written to connect with the letters immediately following orpreceding them, or with both the following and preceding letters. lt hashitherto been supposedthat to build a typewriting machine which wouldwrite such languages, the machine should theoretically include upward ofeighty characters, besides punctuation marks; and in such machines ashave actually been built, over ninety characters have been included; butsuch machines have failed of general adoption and use. ln addition tohaving a large number of characters, such machines as have been built inthe attempt to write such a language, have included a special escapementmechanism, including double and single-step feed-dogs. Even with suchcomplex escapement mechanism, it was found that some letters failed toconnect properly, or overlapped so as to mislead the reader, or wereotherwise misplaced. Such machines also, owingto the incomplete spacingadjustments, made the letters overlap very badly and become otherwisedisarranged and undecipherable at times.

According to my invention, the typewriter may linclude types which willall have uniform width, and of which types the Separately writtenelements or impressions may be so connected or joined upon the worksheetas to represent complete letters, and even syllables, and in fact, wholewords, in thc cursive style which has now become the standard oilicialsystem of printing in the Ottoman Empire. rl`he types which print thisalphabet, or system of elements, as I have stated, are all of uniformwidth, and only a very slight and unobjectionable ard positions and beof the standard size set forth by said government for types of a givenpitch. Furthermore, l have found that it is practicable to employ thestandard letter-feeding pitch of one-tenth of an inch, usual intypewriting machines, such as is best represented by the Underwoodtypewriter.

' ln addition to reducing or eliminating the necessity for avariableescapement-for 'i the typewriter carriage, l have found it practicableto greatly reduce 'the number of types-or elements required in themachine for typewriting the given complete characters. l cause certain.types not only to print each a full letter, but I also contrive so toprint each of such letters that it may connect with a subsequentlywritten or successive letter or sign, and, when the succeeding elementsare so connected on the work-sheet, they will read as a single letter.

Many of the dots I write by means of silent keys (which do not feed thetypewriter carriage) and yet l have been able to so arrange thealinement of the printing surfaces of the type elements that the numberof such silent keys is reduced to a minimum, while they will print inconventional form the modifications of the various letters which areused under different circumstances.

rlhe writing types, characters 4and elements which I use in thisinvention may be formed on typewriter type-blocks of standard build,with two'characters on each' typeblock, so that ina machine (as theUnderwood) provided with a case-shift mecha-- nism, each typewriter keyis capable ofprinting from its connected type-block two.y

characters, depending on the operation of the case-shift mechanism. Ifrequentlyr find it convenient to cause the lower case to write ,a`letter which is to stand alone, and the upper case to write a letterwhich is to be used as a connecting letter, so-called; or l reverse thisarrangement.

According to 'my invention, it is possible to write not only Arabic, butalso Turkish, Persian and Hindustani, all with the same machine, andusually without any alteration of the types, escapement or silent keys,whereby the capacity of the machine is made very great. To build amachine to write in as many as four languages of this kind vhas hithertobeen supposed to be impossible.

It will therefore be seen that my invention is one of great utility, inthat it permits the writing ot' several languages of the Arabic group ona single machine, and further, said'machine can have such a small numberof keys that it may be of the front-strike type, wherein the writing isvisible during the operation of the keys.

lt has hitherto been supposed that itI was impracticable to constructtypewriters to .writesuch Complicated languages unless a large number ofreally necessary characters were omitted. F or instance, in priormachines, no comma or period was provided, as distinguished from thepoints which are used in association with letters, so that such writingas was produced by said machines was inaccurate and often misleading.Also such machines were not provided with the letter sin Connectingonly' on the lett, or the letter sin non-connecting or connecting bothon the right and the left. This required the Writing to be bothmisleading and .inartistic Moreover, such machines could .not write suchcommon combinations of' letters as are necessary in Writing the wordAllah, for example. l/Vhere such machines were able to write such aWord, a. special type was provided which wrote all the letters at onestroke except the initial ,elif7 of the word Allah.. Such examples ofthe limitations of prior machines might be multiplied to a considerableextent.

It is one o1' the objects oi 'this invention to overcome thesediliiculties.

Other features and advantages will here inaiter appear.

1n the accompanying drawings, Figure 1 is a perspective View of so muchof a typewriting machine as is convenient for illustrating an escapementmechanism for use with my invention. Fig. 2 is a plan View ot' the`keyboard ot' the same, showing the silent keys with key levers init'ull lines and the escapement operating keys 'having levers in dottedlines. Fig. 3 shows the characters oi the keyboard, and also shows saidcharacters in various specimen kinds of combinations. lin said figure,the characters begin at the upper left-hand corner and run downward inthe successive columns, and

complish this, the type 141 is ixeo'. on a said characters are arrangedin the same order as thosey on the keys of the keyboard, beginning withthe upper row on the top bank of keys at the right, then on the secondrow of characters on the said top bank (also beginning at the'right) andso on through the keyboard.

The silent key mechanism which forms the principal part ot' themechanism shown in Fig. l is that shown in the patent to Helmond No.827,726, August 1006, although any ot' the silent key mechanisms shownin the following patents might be used: Vilagner No. (360,231, October23, 1900; Helmond and Kayle No. 730,450, June 9, 1903; Kellogg No.T11-5,350, December 1, 1903; l'Vagner No. 759,780, May 10, 1904;;"Wagner No. 12,465, reissued March 27, 1906; Kunath No. 827,735. ugust-7, 1906; Kunath No. 813,828, February 12, 1007; lrc- Laughlin No.$50,846, April l0, 3.907; Mad Derinott No. 974,505. November 1, 191.0.

The sign 1 on the key lever shows the sign which the type 141 operatedby said key lever will print. Said sign is used to denote the Very broadsound of ah. Suid sign is intended to be usually )laced aboyc a lettersuc-has the letter eli 10. it is usually desirable not to have the car,'iage feed when said sign 1 is printed. To actypebar 142 mounted on afulcruni rod 1473 and engaged by a heli crank 144e, the latter connectedto a lever 14.5 haring the key 146 and pivotcd at its rear end at 11i-7.rJ'hc levers and bell cranks for an ordinary vtype are in dicated at 148and 149', and operate a typebar 150. The depression of any key carriesdown its lever. and vibrates the bell crank forwardly, thereby throwingthe typwbar rearwardly, the type striking through a ribbon 151 againstthe front side ot' a platen (not shown) Each ot' the series offtype-bars has a heel 152, which strikes against a curved universal barand moves the same rearwardly, the universal bar being xed to ahorizontal 'trame ll` which in said machine is suitably guided forrearward and forward movements. Upon said frame is usually fixed a'slotted actuator 155 which engages a. wrist- '156 provided upon theshort arm 15's' ot a lever 158, whereby the latter is caused to carry upand down a vibrator 159 through which is threaded the ribbon. The ribbonis yibrated by said leyer at the actuation of any type key, includingthe accent key. Said univers-l bar is also utilized to eiiectthc-feeding of the paper carriage, which in the present machine feeds tothe right, inasmuch as Arabic and the other languages written by' thismach-ine are read to 'the lett. EEhe pape ce riag'e includes a rack 160meshwith a, pinion 161 connected to an es'- naiaeeo capement wheel 162,with which cooperate the usual spacing and detent dogs 163 and 16d, saiddogs being mounted on an upright rock arm or carrier 165. 'Ehe backwardmovement of said carrier is eliiected in this instance by means of aninter'aonent comprising plate 166 having at its upper end a head 167.@ne side of the latter receives the impact of a tappet 168 mounted uponthe rear edge of the universal bar iframe d, and the other is in contactWith a screvv or adjustable abutment 169 threaded into the upper portionof by to regulate the stroke imparted to the latter through theinterponent 167 to secure accurate and rapid feeding of the carriage.'Iflie universal bar under normal conditions operates said interponentand dog carrier at each rearward movement of each ordinary type-bar, soas to eiiect the usual letter-feeding movement of the carriage, Saidinter-- poneut is movable to ined'ective position by the silent keys, sothat said silent keys are inelective on the escapement mechanism. Forthis purpose said interponent plate is secured at its lower ends bymeans of screws 170 upon a vertical slide 171 mounted upon the dog`carrier. The plate 166 is yielding and presses lightly against thescreuT 169, the latter having a rounded end to engage the head 167. 4

The slide`17l is provided with a projection 172, whereby it may bepulled down, this movement being effected by an arm 173 having a lip17214 normally standing over said projection 172, said arm being xedupon a rock shaft 17 5 suitably mounted in the framework of the machineand being provided near its ends with operating arms 17 6 having pins177 engaged by slots 17 6 formed vertically in the upper ends of links179, each of said links being connected to its silent key lever 145.lllhenever any ordinary key lever 148 is depressed, its typeebar isswung up to the universal bars operated so that the ribbon is vibratedinto effective position and the dog carrier is also swung backrvard bymeans of the interponent 167; but when any idle key 145 is depressed,its link 179 is drawn down, vibrating the arm 176 and rocking the shaft175 and arm 173, the lip 174. on the latter carrying down the projection172 and slide 171, and hence With- -draiving the interponent 167, sothat the movement of the universal bar 153 is inettective to operate thedog carrier 165. The provision of the slots 17 3 in the link 17 9enables any link to rock the shalt 175 independently of the others. Acountervveight 180', or other means, may be provided for returning saidshaft to normal position. A spring 181 provided upon the dog carrierengages an ear 182 upon the slide 171 to litt tlletter to normalposition independently the deg carrier 165, there.

of the keys 146. The slide 171 is guided by means not material. to thepresent invention.

The numerals 1, 2, 3, 4C, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are shown in Fig. 3 at 2, 3,4, 5, 13, 14, 6, 7, and 8. 'llhe keyA bearing the characters 1 and 1()is a silent key (via, a key not operating the letter-feeding mechanism),and the character 1 is the sign met which is used over the letter elif19, to give it the broad sound of a as in Allah The other sign on thiskey is explained below. The dots on the keys 28, 18, and 67 are to beplaced over or under other characters in general, and consequently areon silent keys, that is, they are like the key v1 and do not operate theletter-feeding escapement. also a silent key and prints the sign ofteshdid.\vhich is used for emphasis, and also bears the characterhemzef7 which last is a letter having the sound of ee.

il ind it advantageous to form certain letters by combining tivocharacters, which characters may either be printed by two letter-feedingkeys or may be formed by operating a lctter-t`eeding key and a silentkey. F or example, l provide the sign 17 which is commonly used as acomma in Turkish and Arabic, and this may be combined with the sign 69to form the Persian or Hindustani letter having the. sound of eh, thiscombination-being shown in Fig. 3 at the right hand of 17 wherein thecomma 17 is combined Awith the sign 69. At 20 is shown kan which is usedeither separately or as a terminal connecting letter. lt is illustratedat the right as used separately in the Word bak lt is also shown as aterminal connecting, as in thevvord balk rllhe letter connecting liam isshown at 2l in said Fig. 3 and is illustrated as combined vvith otherletters to form the Word leien at the right thereof and also with twoslanting lines to indicate the sound ch or k of Persian or llindustani.rllhe letter connecting elif is shown at 22 Where it is illustrated ascombined with dots (under the connecting character 69) in the Word TurkaThe letter liam mim is shown at 25 Where it is combined in the Word cimarllerminal liam isshovvn at 26 and the connectingterminal form at 36.

'lhe 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th letters of the Arabic alphabet are formedfrom the 29th character in- F ig. 3 which is combined With dots as showntherein to form various letters. lWithout a dot it is illustrated in theword hakim, lwith one dot above it, it is shown in the Word klias; andwith three dots below it it is shown in the Word char. The seconchthird,Jfourth and fifth letters of the alphabet are produced from the 30thcharacter ol said ligure according to the number of dots and method ofcombining said character. Said 30th character when The key 9 is combinedwith liani 21 makes an independent l7 (which is used in Persian andHindustani as an. independent liam), and is illustrated at the righthand of said character 30.

The letter connecting sod is formed by printing the yllst'character.lVith one dot above it, as shown at the extreme right opposite saidcharacter 8l, it produces the sound of d as in the wore. delalet shown`there1n.

This character sod is shown in 3l as combined with the independentletter noon7 (omitting the dot vin said noon) which is shown at 66 andthus forms the independent letter sod7 shown on the lower line at theright ot said character 3l Where it is also illustrated in the Word lhas. Said letter sod is also illustrated in the Word sedaret at theright of Fig. 3 at 31. Connecting ayin is shown at 32 in said ligurewhere it is illustrated at the right of the character 32 in the wordihn, also in the Word fghalib. Connecting et is shown at 33 in Fig. 3without a dot; with one dot above it, it is illustrated as'part of theWord farkl/Vith two dots above it as shown in the top line opposite 38,it combines as shown in the bottoni line opposite said tigure to givethe sound of l( as in Lkahnac Said character 33 may be combined with thecharacter 30 to form the letter as shown opposite 33, and with two dotsplaced above said combination forms the letter kaf as shown in the lineabove said Connecting sin is seen at the right of 3l forming the WordSerna With three dots above it, said letter sin gives the sound of sh asshown in the Word shan at the right of hined 'with the letter noon(lacking the dot) to form the independent letter sin as shown at theright of 3l and may be caused to give the sound of sh by'placing threedots above the sin part as illustrated at the right.

Connecting ruim is shown at 3'? and is illustrated as part of the Wordhandel Medial connecting liain is shown at 39. Coninfecting` te as shownat 40 Without the dot is illustrated atthe right in the Word tarall/'ith the dot Written in, it is often called the and gives the soundof z as in the Word zart Connecting te which connects on both sides asshown at Lll,is illustrated in the Word inatloub at the right.Connecting terminal kiaf is shown at 43 and is illustrated as it occursin the Word melek at the right of 43. Connecting` terminal liana clitshown at ell, and is illustrated as forming part of the wordYlonnectinrcj mim-elif is shown at 45, and is illustrated as forming'part of the word osmanie Non-connecting ha is shown at 46 and isillustrated in the Word This letter sin may be com- Sabah A dot may beadded. to this to give the sound of kh, or ch.

Non-connecting ayin as shown at 4'( is illustrated as forming part ofthe word inatah Connecting,` ha is shown at ill) where it connects bothsides in the word Mohammed. Said character L9 may be combined Vith dotsto give various sounds. Connecting` sod7 as shown at 50, is illustratedas forming part ol the word niesarif. Said letter sod may he employedwith one dot to give the sound of z, d, etc.

The character 5l is a sign which may serve to connect with another, andwhen combined with various dots in this way represents various sounds,as :for example, in the word hab which is illustrated at the ril'ht.

Connecting,` ayin as shown at 52 is illustratcd in the word inaluln atthe right thereof in the upper line. With a dot, said characterrepresents the sound of gh as in the word niaghlub as shown at the rightof 52. Connecting ef and hat7 are produced by the cha acter 53 which mayhave dots printed adjacent'. it, as for example, in the word leien shownin the upper line at the right,

and the word niekalo at the lisrht of fill.

Connectin` sin7 (connecting ou both sides) is shown at 5l. Said letteris illustrate@ as forming' part ol the word "lnesuli at the right. Saidletter may he varimislycombined to produce or represent other signs. Itmay be conihined with dots to forni shin as shown at the right ol in theWord ineshhur, and it may also he combined with the letter noon to formthe independent letter sin as shown to the right of GG in Fig. 3.

Connecting he is shown at 55, and is illustrated a* part of the wordniuhm. Connecting ha (connecting only on the right) is shown at 56, andmay he combined with various dots as is, for'exaniple, illustrated inthe word lelij at the right of Connecting ayin is shown at 5'? andillustrated with a dot in the word tab.

The letter re is shown at 59, and illustrated as forming part olf theword zara1". Said letter is variously combined with dots to represent'various sounds. The' letter dell and medial connecting doll are shown atand 6l.

Connecting liam is shown at (S3 where it is illustrated at the extremeright as conihined with the two slanting lines to vtorni Hindustaniletter. Said. chai-:utter linnn is illustrated at the right as formingpart of the word inaluro.

The letter re7 is shown at Gl, and it is always written separately whenin this form. v the word, arslan. The letter noon is shown at 6Glacking;- its dot. Said dot can be inserted by the silent or idle .key28, and

lt is illustrated as 'forming' part of flll lli)

Laisgceo said lette1` is thus illustrated in the word liman at theright. At the eXtreme right said character 66 is shown as forming part.or' the letters sin and sod in one of their forms.

At 69 is shown a sign which always comes between two letters and has avalue depending on its associated dots which may vary in position andnumber. It is illustrated as forming part of the word Sabah, and also asforming part of the word hayat.

lt may also be combined with a comma as above described to form theHindustani character of the sound ha shown at the right. The character72 is a square used for a period, and is entirely distinct from theround dot 28 or 38 which has an entirely different significance. N(in-connecting mim is shown at 74. Terminal connecting mim is shown at75, and is illustrated as forming part of the word taksim.

lt will be noted that some letters are so tall that they project beyondthe usual allowable limit of printing. v l have found that it ispossible to properly print such letters by placing them in the uppercase position on the type-heads. It will also be noted that lettersconnecting on both sides such as mim 37, sin 54, sod 50, et 52, he 55,liam 63, etc., are all of the same width so that the written line is inproper form. Furthermore, l have pro vided the proper terminal letterslike mim 57 and initial letters like mim 27, all of which connectproperly with other letters and yet are distinctly in the forms whichditler from such letters when not connecting.

The word Allah, for example, may be written by striking` the silent keyto print the character l in the upper case, and then striking the key towrite the letter elif 19 in the upper case, which will feed the carriagealongf one space to the right-then writing the character connectingliana 21, then strikingr the silent key 9 to write its character in theupper case, then striking; the key 63 to writef'the connecting liam inthe upper case, and then striking the key 65 to write the connecting hein the upper case. This completes the word Allah, as shown at the rightof the character elif (Fig. 3).

llt is possible to write some of these lannuages for which the machineis especially adapted with fewer characters than those provided in thepresent keyboard. For eX- ample, some of the punctuation marks have onlyrecently been a dopted by the more proiagressive communities where theselanguages are used, and are not used elsewhere. ln addition to these,some ci the double connecting letters like double connecting' sod, someot the forms of liana, doable connect ing,` te, and some of the doubleletters such as liam mim may be omitted for writing such a language.Also in writing" some of the other languages other characters might beomitted. The keyboard .l have provided enables considerably over onehundred characters to be written, and since it provides the acceptableform for every letter in any position in the word, it is advantageoususually to have the full keyboard on the machine.

'llhere are some letters in some of the languages which are frequentlyused in special forms and can be made by carefully selecting the propertypes which have notbeen described above. Typical ot such letters is theHindustani liam7 which can be lmade by striking in succession thecharacters 2l, 68 and 30. It will be noted that this character thusprinted differs from other liams only in its proportions; but thepossibility of printing said character gives an excellentidea of theavailabilityof my arrangement ot types in enabling special forms ofletters to be produced.

As will be clearly seen from the examples given in Fig. 3, thecharacters which con* nect to form letters, or which by themselves formletters and connect to form words, all connect along the same horizontalline across the page, thus avoiding,r the troubles due to having lettersconnect at any one of several points in their vertical height.

Variations may be resorted to within the scope of the invention, andportions ot the improvements may be used without others.

Having thus described my invention, ll claim:

1. T he combination with typewriter types adapted to form both te medialand te initial, of typewriter types adapted to form the remainder of theletters of the Arabic alphabet.

2. The combination with typewriter types adapted to form both the medialand the initial, of typewriter types adapted to form the remainder ofthe letters ot' the Arabic alphabet.

3. The combination with typewriter types adapted 'to form both sodmedial Vand sod initial, of typewriter types adapted to form theremainder of the letters et the Arabic alphabet.

4. The combination with typewriter types adapted to form the letter noonby a letterfeeding and a silent type, ot typewriter types adapted totorni the letter sod by combining with said letter-feedingr type,another typewriter type adapted to form the remainder of the letters oithe Arabic alphabet.

5. The combination with typewriter types adapted to form the letter noonby a letn ter-feeding and a silent type, ot typewriter types adapted toform the letter sin by bet.

,mim, of a letter-feeding combining with said letter-feeding type, andother typewriter types adapted to form the remainder of the letters ofthe Arabie alphabet.

6. The combination with typewriter types adapted to form the letter noonby a letter-feeding and a silent type, of typewriter types adapted toform the letter shin by combining with said letter-feeding type, andother typewriter types adapted to form the remainder of the letters ofthe Arabic alphahet.

7. The combination with typewriter types adapted to form both connectedand unconnected terminal fliam, ot other typewriter types adapted toform the remainder of the -letters of the Arabic alphabet.

8. The combination with typewriter types adapted to form both medialconnecting doll7 and medial connecting liam,9 of other typewriter typesadapted to form the remainder of the letters of the Arabic alphaadaptedto write a language of the Arabic type and comprising letter-feedingkeys, the combinafv tion with a letter-feeding` key adapted to print thesecond letter ot the Arabie alphabet, and a letter-feeding key adaptedto print an additional tail therefor, oi keys for printing dots to beassociated with said letter and tail for giving said letter and its tailsignification.

12. In a typewriting machine adapted to write a language of the Arabictype, the combination with letter-feeding keys adapted to printcharacters and letters to connect with other letters and aletter-feeding key adapted to write the letter connecting liainkeyadapted to write the letter liam connecting on one side only.

13. The combination `with a typewriter type to form non-connecting mim,of typewriter types adapted to form terminal connecting mim7 and theremainder of 'the letters of the Arabic alphabet.

release 14. The combination with a single typewriter type adapted towrite terminal con necting minn of typewriter types adapted to write aplurality of other 'forms of the letter minn and the remainder of theletters of the Arabic alphabet.

15. rlhe combination with a single type writer type adapted to writeterminal connecting ha,'of typewriter types adapted to write other formsof the letter ha,"7 and the remainder of the letters of the Arabic alphabet.

1G. The combination with a single typewriter type adapted to writemim-clit, of typewriter types adapted to write the remainder of theletters of the Arabic alphabet.

17. The combination with a single typewriter type adapted to writeterminal connecting kai of typewriter types adapted to write theremainder o the letters ot the Arabic alphabet.

18. lThe combination with a typewriter type adapted to form theherein-shown character 1l, of typewriter types adapted to torni theHindustani liaun and the letters of the Arabie alphabet.

19. The combination with a typewriter type adapted to form an incompletekaij of types adapted to form other letters therefrom, and the remainderof the letters ol the Arabic alphabet.

20. The combination with typewriter types writing the Arabic numerals.of single typewriter types writing terminal connecting.;` ha and ayinand mien and typewriter types adapted to form the remainder of the'letters of the Arabie alphabet.

2l. rlChe combination with typewriter types writingr the Arabicnumerals. of single typewriter types writing` connecting sod and tef andtypewriter types adapted to form the remainder of the letters of theArabic alphabet.

22. The combination with a typewriter type writing connecting liam-mim,of typewriter types writingconnecting ha and ayin and mim and typewritertypes adapted to form the remainder of the letters of the Arabicalphabet.

23. The combination with a typewriter type writing' connecting ham-mimof typewriter types writing connecting sod and tef and typewriter typesadapcd to form the remainder of the letters ol the Arabie alphabet.

VASSF KABE Y. l/Vitnesses:

EDWARD THOMAS, Varian Cnnnnsnmn.

] Ofi

